[6]-Gingerol

Literature References: The major phenol and most important of the pungent principles of ginger oil, isolated from rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae: Thresh, Pharm. J. [3] 10, 171 (1879); 12, 721 (1881); 14, 798 (1883); 15, 208 (1884); Garnett, Grier, ibid. [4] 25, 118 (1907); Nelson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 39, 1466 (1917). Structure studies: Lapworth et al., J. Chem. Soc. 111, 777 (1917). Review of early literature: Redgrove, Pharm. J. 125, 54 (1930); Jacobs, Am. Perfum. 48, no. 7, 60, 62 (1946). Demonstration of the presence of an homologous series of phenolic ketones in the pungent constituents of ginger, [6]-gingerol being the major member: D. W. Connell, M. D. Sutherland, Aust. J. Chem. 22, 1033 (1969). Synthesis of (±)-form: Hirao et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 20, 2287 (1972); K. Banno, T. Mukaiyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 49, 1453 (1976); P. Denniff, D. A. Whiting, Chem. Commun. 1976, 712; P. Denniff et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1981, 82. Stereoselective synthesis of S(+)-form: D. Enders et al., Ber. 112, 3703 (1979). Biosynthesis of (±)-form: P. Denniff, D. A. Whiting, Chem. Commun. 1976, 711; I. Macleod, D. A. Whiting, ibid. 1979, 1152; P. Denniff et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1980, 2637. Physical properties and cardiotonic effects of gingerols: N. Shoji et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 1174 (1982). Mutagenicity studies: H. Nakamura, T. Yamamoto, Mutat. Res. 103, 119 (1982); eidem, ibid. 122, 87 (1983).