Conjugated Estrogens

Literature References: Complex mixture of natural estrogens obtained from equine urine or synthetically from estrone and equilin. Principal components are sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate; also known to contain 17a-dihydroequilin, 17a-estradiol, and 17b-dihydroequilin as sodium sulfate conjugates. Purification from urine of pregnant mares: R. W. Bates, H. Cohen, US 2565115 (1951 to Squibb); E. T. Stiller, E. O'Keefe, US 2720483 (1955 to Olin Mathieson). HPLC determn of major components in serum: S. Y. Su et al., Biomed. Chromatogr. 6, 265 (1992). Review of pharmacokinetics and metabolism: B. R. Bhavnani, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217, 6-16 (1998); of pharmacology and neuroprotective effects: idem, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85, 473-482 (2003). Clinical assessment of efficacy and safety in combination with progestin in hormone replacement therapy: J. E. Rossouw et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 321 (2002); of conjugated estrogens alone: G. L. Anderson et al., ibid. 291, 1701 (2004).