Cholecystokinin

Literature References: Polypeptide hormone found in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and brain. Stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion and growth. May also play a role in appetite satiation, pain perception, and neuronal transmission. First shown to cause gallbladder contraction: Ivy, Oldberg, Am. J. Physiol. 86, 599 (1928). Discovery of a substance, designated as pancreozymin, which promotes secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas: Harper, Raper, J. Physiol. (London) 102, 115 (1943). Identity with pancreozymin: Jorpes et al., Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 2408 (1964). The C-terminal pentapeptide has been shown to be identical to that of gastrin and caerulein: V. Mutt, J. E. Jorpes, Eur. J. Biochem. 6, 156 (1968); eidem, Biochem. J. 125, 57P (1971). Various biologically active, amino-truncated forms have been identified. Cholecystokinin consisting of 33 amino acids (CCK-33) is the predominant gastrointestinal form; CCK-39 and CCK-58 have also been identified. CCK-8 is the predominant CNS form. Identification of CCK in brain: J. J. Vanderhaeghen et al., Nature 257, 604 (1975); G. J. Dockray, ibid. 264, 568 (1976). Distribution and molecular heterogeneity: J. F. Rehfeld, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4022 (1978). Synthesis of the C-terminal dodecapeptide: M. A. Ondetti et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 195 (1970). Synthesis of the N-terminal hexapeptide of porcine CCK-33: Bodanszky et al., J. Org. Chem. 37, 2303 (1972). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the human cholecystokinin gene: Y. Takahashi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1931 (1985). Total synthesis of porcine CCK-33: Y. Kurano, Chem. Commun. 1987, 323; of human CCK-33: N. Fujii et al., ibid. 1988, 324. Proposed role in suppression of food intake: M. A. Della-Fera, C. A. Baile, Science 206, 471 (1979); C. J. Savory, M. J. Gentle, Experientia 36, 1191 (1980); M. A. Della-Fera et al., Science 212, 687 (1981); in regulation of hypothalamic peptides: S. Itoh et al., Life Sci. 25, 1725 (1979); in modulation of catecholaminergic activity: K. Fuxe et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 67, 329 (1980). There is also evidence that CCK acts as a specific antagonist of opiate analgesia: P. L. Faris et al., Science 219, 310 (1983). Reviews: E. Straus, R. S. Yalow, Fed. Proc. 38, 2320-2324 (1979); V. Mutt, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 8, 11-14 (1980); idem, Vitam. Horm. 39, 231-426 (1982). Review of physiology: G. J. Dockray, Br. Med. Bull. 38, 253-258 (1982); of role in appetite satiation and pain perception: G. Stacher, Psychoneuroendocrinology 11, 39-48 (1986). Symposium on neuronal CCK: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 448, 1-697 (1985).